Web3.0 Commerce Ontology

In creating our Web3.0 Catalog Services we quickly found that we needed a way to provide a smart search capability.

Our smart search needed to incorporate natural language techniques as well as some of the cool Artificial Intelligence capabilities. To do this we needed to adopt an e-Commerce ontology that captured the richness of our Products, Assets, Providers, Offers within the overall e-Commerce flow.

POC4Commerce link

We chose to leverage concepts being developed within the POC4Commerce initiative. This is an exciting project that is laser focused on providing ontology solutions for NFT Asset based e-commerce eco-systems.

POC4Commerce, represents commercial agents and activities, goods, products, offerings, and services related with business and commerce. link

Here is an overview of the key concepts we've digested from their work. We also discuss at the end how we were able to leverage these principles for our effort.

Six challenges facing the ecommerce ecosystem link :

existing product data are not suitable for automated processing
product data often lack interoperability
insufficient use of unique product identifiers
heterogeneity of product category taxonomies
incomplete, inconsistent, or outdated product descriptions
weakness of current product recommender systems

Shortcomings of NFT blockchain (Probing the blockchain for identifying the appropriate NFT or smart contract).

pre-existing knowledge of the the contract address
storing of data off-chain because of the cost of on-chain storage

e-Commerce workflow

registration with web service
product and service publishing
(OC-Commerce and OC-Ethereum ontologies)
product and service search and selection
(OC-CSE) - SPARQL searches
purchase

Things to consider with POC4Commerce

Based heavily on OASIS standard which is abstract to support many use-cases. Our Commerce use-case is very narrow to Ethereum smart contracts and specifically NFT's. The standard and derived work seams to be heading in this direction.
Is based on BLONDiE blockchain ontology and not on something more complete like EthOn Onlogology that provides more detail. Not sure why the chose BLONDiE. They reference EthOn in this document "Semantic Representation as a Key Enabler for Blockchain-Based Commerce". They say these have "poor semantic description of smart contracts". OASIS Agent Behavior Schema provides a framework to build upon

POC4Commerce is part of ONTOCHAIN project

ONTOCHAIN project’s ambition is to advance and federate blockchain and semantic technologies to enable a more human-centered Internet and to foster new opportunities in the data market and in a new generation of decentralized applications.

Threats

Centralization of power
Unknown provenance of information
Anonymity and unreliable identities
No fair rewards for good quality contributions
Bias in AI software
Trustworthy blockchain service interoperability

ONTOCHAIN Architectural Layers

Solution domain;
Use cases;
Application protocols;
Core protocols;
Distributed ledgers.

Ontology Representation

This block seeks to define new ways for implementing ontologies with the use of Blockchain. Common components of ontologies include:

Individuals, such as instances, persons or objects (the basic or "ground level" objects, but they can be also abstract),
Classes, such as sets, collections, concepts, classes in programming, types of objects or kinds of things,
Attributes, such as aspects, properties, features, characteristics or parameters that objects (and classes) can have,
Relations, such as ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one another,
Function terms, such as complex structures formed from certain relations that can be used in place of an individual term in a statement,
Restrictions, such as formally stated descriptions of what must be true in order for some assertion to be accepted as input,
Rules, such as statements in the form of an if-then (antecedent-consequent) sentence that describe the logical inferences that can be drawn from an assertion in a particular form,
Axioms, such as assertions (including rules) in a 27 logical form that together comprise the overall theory that the ontology describes in its domain of application. This definition differs from that of "axioms" in generative grammar and formal logic. In those disciplines, axioms include only statements asserted as a priori knowledge. As used here, "axioms" also include the theory derived from axiomatic statements,
Events, such as the changing of attributes or relations, and at the pinnacle,
any reasoning approaches, tools and methods that can help deduce new knowledge arriving from a sensing IoT empowered environment.

POC4COMMERCE: Practical ONTOCHAIN for Commerce

Project ontology sources:

OASIS, commercial participants and smart contracts
GoodRelations is an OWL vocabulary to describe commercial offerings
BLONDiE and Ethon for knowledge of smart contracts

Project Python Modules

OCGEN Module: allows user to generate RDF graph for ontology
OC-Commerce Search engine to search ontology. SPARQL queries

eCommerce workflow covered by POC4Commerce

registration
product and service publishing
(OC-Commerce and OC-Ethereum ontologies)
product and service search and selection
(OC-CSE) - SPARQL searches
purchase

Local Project

C:\ontologies\POC4COMMERCE-main\python

Getting POC4Commerce to work in Windows environment. Issues we ran into are probably just newbies stuff and relating to Windows, but I wanted to capture them for future builds.

download github project https://github.com/dfsantamaria/POC4COMMERCE
PyCharm community development environment
Install Java JRE. Make sure and get 64bit version https://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp
Read the documentation. https://github.com/dfsantamaria/POC4COMMERCE/blob/main/documentation/ONTOCHAIN_D3.pdf
Project has referenced owl files that had links that did not resolve. I had to download all the oasis and other owl files and reference them directly.
load is no longer supported. changed to ontology.parse(file, format='xml') and added format type
subprocess.py has an error in windows. Needed to change shell=False to shell=True.
added this hack to triplelite.py to resolve resources. I'm not sure why there is this problem but this fixes it.

def _abbreviate(self, iri, create_if_missing = True):

...

if r == None:

checkIri = '%' + iri

r = self.execute("SELECT storid FROM resources WHERE iri like ? LIMIT 1", (checkIri,)).fetchone()

if r: return r[0]

ocget-test.owl

<rdf:Description rdf:about="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#batch2563Offering">

<ns2:isOfferingAbout rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#appleBatch2563"/>

<ns3:hasSupplyChainManagement rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#appleSupplyChainMan"/>

<rdf:type rdf:resource="local-ontologies/oc-commerce.owl#AcceptedOffering"/>

<rdf:type rdf:resource="local-ontologies/oc-commerce.owl#Offering"/>

</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description rdf:about="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#Bob">

<oasis:performs rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#valuateAppleOfferingTask"/>

<oasis:performs rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#acceptOffTask"/>

<ns3:hasDigitalIdentity rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#BobIdentity"/>

<oasis:hasBehavior rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#BobValuerBehavior"/>

<rdf:type rdf:resource="OASIS-ontologies/oasis.owl#Agent"/>

<oasis:hasBehavior rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#bobOfferingBehavior"/>

</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description rdf:about="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#appleProducerAgent">

<oasis:hasBehavior rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#produceAppleBatchBehavior"/>

<rdf:type rdf:resource="OASIS-ontologies/oasis.owl#Agent"/>

<oasis:performs rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#appleOfferingCreationTask"/>

<ns3:hasDigitalIdentity rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#appleProducerAgentIdentity"/>

<oasis:hasBehavior rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#AppleOfferingBehavior"/>

<oasis:performs rdf:resource="local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#appleBachTask"/>

</rdf:Description>

entity: 'local-ontologies/ocgen-test.owl#batch2563Offering'

agent

operation

operationOn

typeOf

[

"r3:",

"[['?agent', 'ocgen-test.appleProducerAgent'], ['?operation', 'oasis-abox.publish'], ['?operationOn', 'ocgen-test.batch2563Offering'], ['?typeOf', 'oc-commerce.AcceptedOffering']]"

[

"r4:",

"[['?agent', 'ocgen-test.appleProducerAgent'], ['?operation', 'oasis-abox.publish'], ['?operationOn', 'ocgen-test.batch2563Offering'], ['?typeOf', 'oc-commerce.Offering']]"

[

"r6:",

"[['?agent', 'ocgen-test.Bob'], ['?operation', 'oasis-abox.accept'], ['?operationOn', 'ocgen-test.batch2563Offering'], ['?typeOf', 'oc-commerce.AcceptedOffering']]"

[

"r7:",

"[['?agent', 'ocgen-test.Bob'], ['?operation', 'oasis-abox.accept'], ['?operationOn', 'ocgen-test.batch2563Offering'], ['?typeOf', 'oc-commerce.Offering']]"

]

Terms:

IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier) within an RDF graph

An Oracle is a trusted off-chain program that can, at the request of a Smart Contract, examine real-world data and return it to the Smart Contract.

Activities coming up and links

https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/poc4commerce-practical-ontochain-commerce

Hackathon #2: Developing trustworthy applications for commerce & other services
30 June – 01 July 2023 | Online
From Friday 30 June 09:00am CEST to Saturday 01 July 2023 16:00 CEST

Overview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuY3slZwN4A

https://github.com/dfsantamaria/POC4COMMERCE

http://docs.oasis-open.org/semantic-ex/ro-soa/v1.0/pr01/see-rosoa-v1.0-pr01.html

Ontology for Agents, Systems, and Integration of Services (in short, OASIS)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346578791_Ontological_Smart_Contracts_in_OASIS_Ontology_for_Agents_Systems_and_Integration_of_Services

Web Ontology Language (OWL), Internet of Agents (IoA)

ontological smart contracts in OASIS

semantic web of things (SWoT)

Blockchain Ontology with Dynamic Extensibility (BLONDiE)

Good overview of POC4Commerce Ontology

https://github.com/dfsantamaria/POC4COMMERCE/blob/main/documentation/ONTOCHAIN_D1.pdf

Email: giamp@dmi.unict.it

Telephone: 095 7383072

Website: www.dmi.unict.it/giamp

GoodRelations

http://wiki.goodrelations-vocabulary.org/Vocabularies/

Ontology blockchain network

Latest code

OASIS last month

https://github.com/dfsantamaria/OASIS/tree/v2

Project

https://www.dmi.unict.it/santamaria/projects/oasis/oasis.php

Companies working in this area

https://origintrail.io/

iExec

The iExec Web3 Marketplace

https://twitter.com/iExecAmb

NFTWatch

https://www.coexya.eu/en/references/what-is-nftwatch-project/

https://github.com/flyingrhinonz/nftwatch (not the same one)

https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/nftwatch

ontologies included: namely FOAF, cidoc-crm, DBpedia, VIVO and Event

not sure if this is same project (ir ia nor

https://dorahacks.io/buidl/2411

OnToChain architecture overview

https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/dkg

OnToChain

https://github.com/orgs/ONTOCHAIN/repositories

overview article

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9866539/

Offchain approach

https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/desmo-ld

Related Project

GEONTOLOGY

POC4Commerce People

https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/poc4commerce-practical-ontochain-commerce

Folks using ontology

At least 7 users who use the marketplace and therefore the token.

ADOS
https://airtrace.io/blog/solutions/airtrace-decentralized-oracle-system
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/ados

DESMO-LD
https://github.com/vaimee/desmo/blob/main/imgs/architecture.jpg
https://github.com/vaimee/desmo-dapp
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/desmo-ld

KNOWLEDGEX
https://www.knowledgex.eu/
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/kx-knowledgex

MFSSIA
https://www.dymaxion-mfssia.com/mfssia/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360621555_A_Blockchain_Implementation_for_Configurable_Multi-Factor_Challenge-Set_Self-Sovereign_Identity_Authentication
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/mfssia

DLMD
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/dlmd-decentralised-last-mile-delivery

GEONTOLOGY
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/geontology

POC4COMMERCE
https://ontochain.ngi.eu/content/poc4commerce-practical-ontochain-commerce
https://github.com/dfsantamaria/POC4COMMERCE/blob/main/documentation/ONTOCHAIN_D4.pdf
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dfsantamaria/POC4COMMERCE/main/documentation/ONTOCHAIN_D4.pdf